Binciken kasashen waje a fannin hada kayan aikin sufurin jiragen kasa ya shafe kusan rabin karni.Ko da yake saurin bunkasuwar zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa da na dogo mai sauri a kasar Sin da kuma yin amfani da kayayyakin hada-hada a cikin gida a wannan fanni na kan ci gaba sosai, karfin fiber na kayayyakin da ake amfani da su sosai wajen zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa na kasashen waje ya fi gilashin fiber, wanda ya sha bamban da. na carbon fiber composites a kasar Sin.Kamar yadda aka ambata a cikin wannan labarin, carbon fiber bai wuce 10% na kayan haɗin gwiwar jiki wanda Kamfanin TPI Composites ya haɓaka, sauran kuma fiber fiber ne, don haka yana iya daidaita farashin yayin tabbatar da nauyi.Yawan amfani da fiber carbon ba makawa yana haifar da matsaloli masu tsada, don haka ana iya amfani da shi a wasu mahimman abubuwan tsarin gini kamar bogi.
Fiye da shekaru 50, Norplex-Micarta, mai kera abubuwan haɗaɗɗun zafin jiki, yana da tsayayyen kasuwancin yin kayan aikin jigilar dogo, gami da jiragen ƙasa, tsarin birki na dogo mai haske, da rufin lantarki don manyan hanyoyin lantarki.Amma a yau, kasuwar kamfani tana haɓaka fiye da ƙunƙuntaccen alkuki zuwa ƙarin aikace-aikace kamar bango, rufin da benaye.
Dustin Davis, darektan ci gaban kasuwanci na Norplex-Micarta, ya yi imanin cewa layin dogo da sauran kasuwannin sufuri na jama'a za su ƙara ba da dama ga kamfaninsa, da sauran masana'antun masana'antu da masu samar da kayayyaki, a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.Akwai dalilai da yawa don wannan haɓakar da ake tsammanin, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine amincewar Turai na ma'aunin Wuta EN 45545-2, wanda ke gabatar da ƙarin buƙatun wuta, hayaki da kariyar gas (FST) don jigilar jama'a.Ta amfani da tsarin resin phenolic, masana'antun haɗin gwiwar na iya haɗa mahimman kaddarorin kariyar wuta da hayaƙi cikin samfuransu.
Bugu da kari, ma'aikatan bas, jirgin karkashin kasa da na jirgin kasa sun fara fahimtar fa'idar kayan hadewa wajen rage hayaniya da cacophony."Idan kun taba shiga cikin jirgin karkashin kasa kuma kun ji wani farantin karfe yana hargitse," in ji Davis.Idan kwamitin an yi shi ne da kayan da aka haɗe, zai kashe sautin kuma ya sa jirgin ya yi shiru."
Ƙaƙƙarfan nauyin haɗaɗɗen kuma yana sa ya zama mai ban sha'awa ga masu amfani da bas masu sha'awar rage amfani da man fetur da fadada iyakarsa.A cikin rahoton Satumba na 2018, kamfanin binciken kasuwa Lucintel ya annabta cewa kasuwannin duniya na kayan haɗin gwiwar da ake amfani da su a jigilar jama'a da ababen hawa na kan hanya za su yi girma da kashi 4.6 na shekara tsakanin 2018 da 2023, tare da yuwuwar darajar dala biliyan 1 nan da 2023. Dama za su fito daga aikace-aikace iri-iri, gami da na waje, na ciki, hood da ɓangarorin wutar lantarki, da abubuwan lantarki.
Norplex-Micarta yanzu yana samar da sabbin sassa waɗanda a halin yanzu ake gwada su akan layin dogo mai sauƙi a Amurka.Bugu da ƙari, kamfanin ya ci gaba da mayar da hankali ga tsarin lantarki tare da ci gaba da kayan fiber kuma ya haɗa su tare da tsarin resin resin da sauri."Za ku iya rage farashi, ƙara yawan samarwa, da kawo cikakken aikin FST phenolic zuwa kasuwa," in ji Davis.Duk da yake kayan haɗin gwiwar na iya zama tsada fiye da nau'ikan ƙarfe iri ɗaya, Davis ya ce farashin ba shine abin da ke ƙayyade aikace-aikacen da suke karantawa ba.
Haske da harshen wuta
Gyaran jiragen ruwa na Duetsche Bahn na Turai na motocin 66 ICE-3 Express na ɗaya daga cikin ƙarfin kayan haɗin gwiwa don biyan takamaiman bukatun abokan ciniki.Tsarin kwandishan, tsarin nishaɗin fasinja da sabbin kujeru sun ƙara nauyin da ba dole ba ga motocin dogo na ICE-3.Bugu da ƙari, asali na plywood bene bai dace da sababbin ka'idojin wuta na Turai ba.Kamfanin yana buƙatar maganin bene don taimakawa rage nauyi da saduwa da ka'idojin kariya na wuta.Wurin haddi mai nauyi shine amsar.
Saertex, ƙera kayan yadudduka da ke cikin Jamus, yana ba da tsarin kayan LEO® don shimfidarsa.Daniel Stumpp, shugaban tallace-tallace na duniya a Saertex Group, ya ce LEO wani yadudduka ne, wanda ba shi da lahani wanda ke ba da mafi girman kaddarorin injina da yuwuwar nauyi mai nauyi fiye da yadudduka da aka saka.Tsarin hada-hadar abubuwa guda huɗu ya haɗa da suturar wuta ta musamman, kayan ƙarfafa fiberglass, SAERfoam® (wani abu mai mahimmanci tare da hadedde 3D-fiberglass Bridges), da LEO vinyl ester resins.
SMT (wanda kuma ke cikin Jamus), ƙwararren masana'anta, ya ƙirƙiri bene ta hanyar aiwatar da injin cika ruwa ta amfani da jakunkuna na siliki mai sake amfani da Alan Harper, wani kamfani na Biritaniya."Mun ajiye kusan kashi 50 na nauyi daga plywood da ta gabata," in ji Stumpp."Tsarin LEO yana dogara ne akan ci gaba da laminates na fiber tare da tsarin resin da ba a cika ba tare da kyawawan kayan aikin injiniya ... falon ya jike."Kasa, babban kafet da kayan roba duk sun hadu da sabbin ka'idoji masu hana wuta.
SMT ta samar da bangarori sama da murabba'in ƙafa 32,000, waɗanda aka girka a kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jiragen ƙasa takwas na ICE-3 zuwa yau.A lokacin aikin gyarawa, ana inganta girman kowane panel don dacewa da wata mota ta musamman.OEM na sedan na ICE-3 ya burge da sabon shimfidar shimfidar shimfidar wuri wanda ya ba da umarnin rufin rufin don maye gurbin wani bangare na tsohon tsarin rufin karfe a cikin motocin dogo.
Ci gaba
Proterra, mai zanen California kuma mai kera motocin bas masu fitar da wutar lantarki, tun daga shekarar 2009 yana amfani da kayan hadewa a dukkan jikin sa. A cikin 2017, kamfanin ya kafa tarihi ta hanyar tukin mil 1,100 ta hanya daya akan Catalyst mai cajin baturi. ®E2 bas.Wannan motar bas ɗin tana da jiki mara nauyi wanda masana'anta na TPI Composite suka yi.
* Kwanan nan, TPI ta haɗu tare da Proterra don samar da haɗaɗɗen bas ɗin lantarki mai haɗaɗɗun duk-in-daya.Todd Altman, darektan tallace-tallacen dabaru a TPI ya ce "A cikin motar bas ko babbar mota, akwai chassis, kuma jikin yana zaune a saman wannan chassis."Tare da ƙirar harsashi mai ƙarfi na bas ɗin, mun haɗa chassis da jiki tare, kama da ƙirar motar gabaɗaya." Tsari ɗaya ya fi tasiri fiye da sassa daban-daban guda biyu wajen biyan bukatun aiki.
Jikin harsashi guda ɗaya na Proterra an gina shi ne da manufa, an ƙera shi daga karce ya zama abin hawan lantarki.Wannan wani muhimmin bambanci ne, in ji Altman, saboda ƙwarewar da yawa masu kera motoci da masu kera motocin bas ɗin lantarki shine gwada ƙayyadaddun yunƙuri don daidaita ƙirarsu ta gargajiya don injunan konewa na ciki zuwa motocin lantarki."Suna ɗaukar matakan da ke akwai kuma suna ƙoƙarin ɗaukar batura da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu. Ba ya bayar da mafi kyawun mafita daga kowane ra'ayi."" in ji Altman.
Yawancin motocin bas ɗin lantarki, alal misali, suna da batura a baya ko a saman abin hawa.Amma ga Proterra, TPI na iya hawa baturin ƙarƙashin bas ɗin."Idan kuna ƙara nauyi mai yawa ga tsarin abin hawa, kuna son wannan nauyin ya kasance mai sauƙi kamar yadda zai yiwu, duka daga yanayin aiki kuma daga yanayin tsaro," in ji Altman.Ya yi nuni da cewa, da yawa daga cikin kamfanonin kera motocin bas da lantarki yanzu suna komawa kan allon zane don samar da ingantacciyar ƙira ga motocinsu.
TPI ta shiga yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyar tare da Proterra don samar da gawarwakin bas har guda 3,350 a wuraren TPI a Iowa da Rhode Island.
Bukatar keɓancewa
Zayyana jikin bas ɗin Catalyst yana buƙatar cewa TPI da Proterra koyaushe suna daidaita ƙarfi da raunin duk kayan daban-daban don su iya cimma burin farashi yayin samun kyakkyawan aiki.Altman ya lura cewa kwarewar TPI wajen samar da manyan iska mai tsayi da tsayin ƙafa 200 da nauyin kilo 25,000 ya sa ya zama mai sauƙi a gare su don samar da gawar bas mai ƙafa 40 masu nauyi tsakanin fam 6,000 zuwa 10,000.
TPI yana iya samun ƙarfin tsarin da ake buƙata ta zaɓin amfani da fiber carbon da riƙe shi don ƙarfafa wuraren da ke ɗaukar nauyi mafi girma."Muna amfani da fiber carbon inda za ku iya siyan mota," in ji Altman.Gabaɗaya, fiber fiber ɗin carbon yana da ƙasa da kashi 10 na kayan ƙarfafa haɗin gwiwar jiki, sauran kuma fiberglass ne.
TPI ta zaɓi resin vinyl ester don irin wannan dalili."Lokacin da muka kalli epoxies, suna da kyau, amma lokacin da kuka warkar da su, dole ne ku ƙara yawan zafin jiki, don haka dole ne ku ɗora da mold. Yana da ƙarin kuɗi, "in ji shi.
Kamfanin yana amfani da vacuum-assisted resin transfer gyare-gyare (VARTM) don samar da hadadden tsarin sanwici wanda ke ba da taurin da ake bukata zuwa harsashi guda.Yayin aikin kera, ana shigar da wasu kayan aikin ƙarfe (kamar zaren kayan aiki da faranti) a cikin jiki.An raba bas ɗin zuwa sassa na sama da na ƙasa, sannan a haɗa su tare.Dole ne ma'aikata su ƙara ƙananan kayan ado na kayan ado kamar kayan ado, amma adadin sassan ƙananan ƙananan bas din karfe ne.
Bayan aika da jikin da aka gama zuwa tashar samar da bas na Proterra, layin samarwa yana gudana cikin sauri saboda akwai ƙarancin aikin da za a yi.Altman ya kara da cewa "Ba dole ba ne su yi duk wani abu na walda, nika da masana'antu, kuma suna da hanyar sadarwa mai sauki don hada jiki da tuki," in ji Altman.Proterra yana adana lokaci kuma yana rage sama saboda ana buƙatar ƙarancin sararin samaniya don harsashi na monocotic.
Altman ya yi imanin cewa buƙatun gawarwakin bas ɗin za su ci gaba da haɓaka yayin da biranen ke juya motocin bas ɗin lantarki don rage ƙazanta da rage farashi.A cewar Proterra, motocin lantarki na batir suna da mafi ƙarancin farashi na tsawon rayuwa (shekaru 12) idan aka kwatanta da dizal, matsakaitan iskar gas ko motocin bas ɗin matasan dizal.Wannan na iya zama dalili ɗaya da ya sa Proterra ya ce tallace-tallacen motocin bas ɗin lantarki masu amfani da batir yanzu ya kai kashi 10% na jimlar kasuwar sufuri.
Har yanzu akwai wasu cikas ga faffadan aikace-aikacen kayan haɗaka a jikin motar bas ɗin lantarki.Ɗayan ita ce ƙwarewar bukatun abokan cinikin bas daban-daban."Kowace hukuma mai wucewa tana son samun motocin bas ta wata hanya dabam --tsarin zama, buɗe ƙyanƙyashe. Yana da babban ƙalubale ga masu kera bas, kuma yawancin waɗannan abubuwan daidaitawa na iya zuwa wurinmu.""Altman ya ce. "Masu samar da jiki masu haɗin gwiwa suna son samun daidaitaccen ginin, amma idan kowane abokin ciniki yana son babban matakin gyare-gyare, zai yi wuya a yi hakan. sassaucin da ake buƙata ta ƙarshen abokan ciniki.
Bincika yiwuwar
Composites yana ci gaba da gwada ko kayan sa sun dace da sababbin aikace-aikacen sufuri na jama'a.A Burtaniya, ELG Carbon Fibre, wanda ya ƙware a fasaha don sake yin amfani da shi da sake amfani da fiber carbon, yana jagorantar ƙungiyoyin kamfanoni masu haɓaka kayan haɗaka masu nauyi don bogi a cikin motocin fasinja.Bogie yana goyan bayan jikin motar, yana jagorantar wheelset kuma yana kiyaye kwanciyar hankali.Suna taimakawa haɓaka ta'aziyyar hawan ta hanyar ɗaukar girgizar jirgin ƙasa da rage ƙarfin tsakiya yayin da jirgin ya juya.
Burin wannan aikin shi ne samar da bogon da ya fi sauki da kashi 50 bisa dari fiye da kwatankwacin fakitin karfe.Camille Seurat, injiniyan haɓaka samfura na ELG ya ce "Idan bogie ɗin ya yi sauƙi, zai haifar da ƙarancin lalacewa ga waƙar, kuma saboda nauyin da ke kan waƙar zai yi ƙasa kaɗan, za a iya rage lokacin kulawa da ƙimar kulawa," in ji Camille Seurat, injiniyan haɓaka samfuran ELG.Ƙarin maƙasudai shine a rage ƙarfin ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa zuwa layin dogo da kashi 40 cikin ɗari da samar da kulawar yanayin rayuwa.Hukumar Kula da Kare Kayayyakin Jiragen Ruwa ta Burtaniya (RSSB) mai zaman kanta ta Burtaniya tana ba da tallafin aikin da nufin samar da samfur mai inganci na kasuwanci.
An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na masana'antu kuma an yi wasu nau'o'in gwaji ta amfani da prepregs daga mutuƙar mutu, rigar rigar al'ada, perfusion da autoclave.Saboda samar da bogies zai zama iyakance, kamfanin ya zaɓi epoxy prepreg warkewa a cikin autoclaves a matsayin hanya mafi inganci na gini.
Cikakken samfurin bogie mai cikakken girman ƙafar ƙafa 8.8, faɗin ƙafafu 6.7 da tsayi ƙafa 2.8.An yi shi daga haɗin fiber carbon da aka sake yin fa'ida (pads ɗin da ba a saka ba ta ELG) da kuma ɗanyen fiber carbon fiber.Za'a yi amfani da filaye guda ɗaya don babban ƙarfin ƙarfin kuma za'a sanya su cikin ƙirar ta amfani da fasahar mutum-mutumi.Za a zaɓi wani epoxy tare da kyawawan kaddarorin inji, wanda zai zama sabon ƙirar harshen wuta wanda aka ba da izini EN45545-2 don amfani akan layin dogo.
Ba kamar bogon ƙarfe ba, waɗanda ake walda su daga tuƙi zuwa katako na gefe guda biyu, za a gina bogi masu haɗaka da sama da ƙasa daban-daban waɗanda sai a haɗa su tare.Don maye gurbin bogi na ƙarfe da ke akwai, nau'in haɗakarwa dole ne ya haɗa haɗin haɗin dakatarwa da birki da sauran na'urorin haɗi a wuri ɗaya."A yanzu, mun zaɓi kiyaye kayan aikin ƙarfe, amma don ƙarin ayyuka, yana iya zama mai ban sha'awa don maye gurbin kayan aikin ƙarfe tare da nau'in nau'in nau'i na nau'in nau'i na nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) don rage nauyin na ƙarshe," in ji Seurat.
Wani memba na Ƙungiyar Sensors da Composites a Jami'ar Birmingham yana sa ido kan haɓaka na'urar firikwensin, wanda za a haɗa shi a cikin abubuwan da aka haɗa a cikin matakan masana'antu."Yawancin na'urori masu auna firikwensin za su mai da hankali kan sa ido kan yanayin da ke kan bogie, yayin da wasu kuma don sanin zafin jiki," in ji Seurat.Na'urori masu auna firikwensin za su ba da izinin saka idanu na ainihin-lokaci na tsarin haɗin gwiwa, yana ba da damar tattara bayanan nauyin rayuwa.Wannan zai ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da babban nauyi da gajiya na dogon lokaci.
Bincike na farko ya nuna cewa ya kamata a yi amfani da bogi masu yawa su sami damar rage nauyin da ake so na kashi 50%.Tawagar aikin na fatan samun babban bogie da aka shirya don gwaji nan da tsakiyar 2019.Idan samfurin ya yi kamar yadda aka zata, za su samar da ƙarin bogi don gwada motocin da Alstom, kamfanin sufurin jirgin ƙasa ya yi.
A cewar Seurat, duk da cewa akwai sauran aiki da yawa a gaba, alamu na farko sun nuna cewa, akwai yuwuwar a gina wani katafaren gini na kasuwanci wanda zai iya yin gogayya da bogi na ƙarfe a farashi da ƙarfi."Sa'an nan ina tsammanin akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa da kuma yuwuwar aikace-aikace don haɗakarwa a cikin masana'antar layin dogo," in ji ta.(An sake buga labarin daga Fiber Carbon da Fasahar Haɗe-haɗe na Dr. Qian Xin).
Lokacin aikawa: Maris-07-2023